Pathological physiology is a science that studies causes - aetiology, and mechanisms - pathogenesis of disease.
The aims of physiology as a bridge between preclinical and clinical subjects are:
- Study of specific aetiological factors, their properties that lead to the initiation of pathological processes, and the ways they interact with the structures of the body.
- Understanding of the genesis of pathological processes at the molecular level, and their evolution from subcellular, biochemical and cellular damage, through humoral and tissue functional disorders, to the system organ dysfunction, which ultimately leads to the manifestations of the disease.
- Study of the ways a diseased organism adapts and reacts to the external environment.
Practical exercises in pathological physiology are designed to provide students with basic knowledge of the principles of laboratory work in vitro, the practices of acute in vivo experiments, and finally enable them to interpret certain laboratory tests in clinical context.
Professors:
Prof. dr Tatjana Radosavljević
Prof. dr Snežana Žunić
Prof. dr Danijela Vučević
Prof. dr Silvio De Luka
Prof. dr Aleksandar Trbović
Prof. dr Jelena Nešović Ostojić
Prof. dr Srđan Lopičić
Assoc. prof. dr Jasna Todorović
Assoc. prof. dr Dušan Mladenović
Assist. prof. dr Marija Stanković Stanojević
Assist. prof. dr Marija Stanojević
Assist. prof. dr Bojan Jorgačević
Teaching assistants:
Assist. dr Vedrana Makević
Assist. dr Sanjin Kovačević
Assist. dr Mirjana Jovanović
Assist. dr Jovana Paunović Pantić
Assist. dr Andrija Vuković
Course director:
Assoc. prof. dr Srđan Lopičić
srdjan.lopicic@med.bg.ac.rs
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CURRICULUM 2023/2024. academic year, VI semester |
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19-23/02/2024. |
LECTURE Anaemia. Etiopathogenesis and systemic consequences. Polycythaemia. SEMINAR Functional Aspects of Respiratory System Alterations LAB Pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease |
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26/02/2024.-01/03/2024. |
LECTURE Disorders of white blood cells. Lymphoproliferative disorders. Leukaemia. SEMINAR Alcoholism and Drug Abuse & Dependence LAB Alterations of the Respiratory System |
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04-08/03/2024. |
LECTURE Disorders of haemostasis and blood coagulation. Disorders of gastrointestinal secretion and motility. Intestinal obstruction (ileus). SEMINAR No seminars LAB Anaemias I |
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11-15/03/2024. |
LECTURE Gastrointestinal bleeding. Etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Alterations of absorption and digestion. Malabsorption syndromes. SEMINAR Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease LAB Anaemias II |
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18-22/03/2024. |
LECTURE Disorders of exocrine pancreas. Disorders of the liver. Liver inflammation. Disorders of hepatic circulation. SEMINAR Functional Aspects of Liver Disorders LAB White Blood Cells Alterations and Leukaemias |
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25-29/03/2024. |
LECTURE Cirrhosis. Ascites. Disorders of the gallbladder. Jaundice. Disorders of hepatic metabolic functions. Alterations in metabolic detoxification. SEMINAR No seminars LAB Disorders of Haemostasis |
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01-05/04/2024. |
LECTURE Glomerular disorders. Glomerulonephritis. Proteinuria. Renal cylinders. Cyturia. Tubular disorders. Glomerulo-tubular fluid-electrolyte imbalance. Oedema. SEMINAR Functional Aspects of Urinary System Disorders LAB Gastrointestinal System Disorders |
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08-12/04/2024. |
LECTURE Alterations of renal circulation. Renovascular hypertension. Renal insufficiency. Acute and chronic renal failure. SEMINAR Pathophysiological Aspects of Renal and Gallbladder Lithiasis LAB Alterations of Liver Functions |
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15-19/04/2024. |
LECTURE Renal syndromes. Alterations of hormonal regulation. Alterations in metabolism of hormones. Alterations of anterior and posterior pituitary. SEMINAR Functional Aspects of Endocrine System Alterations LAB Renal disorders I – Analysis of Pathological Urine |
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22-26/04/2024. |
LECTURE Alterations of thyroid function. Alterations of parathyroid function. Alterations of cortical and medullar adrenal function. SEMINAR Pathophysiological Aspects of Menopausal Alterations LAB Renal disorders II – Pathophysiology of Diuresis |
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29/04/2024-03/05/2024. |
NO LECTURE SEMINAR Functional aspects of skeletal system and pathophysiology of osteoporosis NO LAB |
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06-10/05/2024. |
LECTURE Alterations of female and male reproductive system. Alterations of neuronal excitability and nerve impulse propagation. Alterations of synaptic transmission. SEMINAR Pathophysiology of Neuronal Injury LAB Alterations of Endocrine System Function |
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13-17/05/2024. |
LECTURE Disorders of special senses. Cerebral hypoxia. Stroke. Acute and chronic cerebral oedema. Cerebrospinal fluid alterations. SEMINAR Pathophysiological Aspects of Neurodegenerative Diseases LAB Lesions of the Upper and Lower Motor Neuron |
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20-24/05/2024. |
LECTURE Alterations of motor function. Alterations of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. SEMINAR Cerebrovascular disorders LAB Conduction Disorders in the Neuromuscular Junction, Epilepsy |
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27-31/05/2024. |
LECTURE Epilepsy. Disorders of the somatosensory system. Alterations of the integrative functions of the CNS. SEMINAR Integrative approach to disorders of homeostasis LAB Disorders and Functional Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Textbooks:
Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 8th Edition, Kathryn L. McCance RN PhD, Sue E. Huether RN PhD, Elsevier Science, 2019.
Study Guide for Pathophysiology, 8th Edition, Kathryn L. McCance, RN, PhD and Sue E. Huether, RN, PhD, Elsevier Science, 2019.
The pathophysiology workbook. Editors: Vucevic D. and Pesic B. Libri Medicorum, Belgrade
Materials provided at the online study platform
Pathophysiology Grading Policy for academic 2023/24.
The final mark in pathophysiology is the sum of points gained through pre-exam activities, the practical exam and the final test. The pre-exam activities include colloquia, attendance and activity. All of these taken together comprise 30% of the final mark. The practical exam comprises 20% and the final test 50% of the final mark. Details about each of these are given below.
- Colloquia – up to 20 points
The pathophysiology course includes three colloquia, one in the fifth (winter) and two in the sixth (spring) semester. Colloquia include the material covered in lectures, seminars and labs held between the previous colloquium and the one being taken. Each colloquium consists of 20 questions. The questions are of the single best answer type, meaning the student is given 4 possible answers for each question, and only one of those answers is the correct one. The colloquium may also include a case study (vignette).
If the student does not take a colloquium for a valid reason, she or he can take a make-up colloquium which will be organised within 10 days. The colloquium is not eliminatory. This means that a student does not have to have any specific number of points in any of the colloquia in order to take the semester signature or the exam.
The number of points you get from a colloquium is equal to the number of correct answers on that colloquium (in other words you cannot fail the colloquium – if you have only one correct answer you get one point).
2. Attendance and activity – up to 10 points
The students will be awarded points for regular attendance during the course and active involvement in seminars and labs. There are 6 attendance points and 4 activity points per year.
Lecture attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for attending at least nine lectures per semester.
Seminar attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for not being late or absent on seminars more than two times per semester.
Labs attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for not being late or absent on labs more than two times per semester.
Activity points (1 for seminars and 1 for labs per semester) are awarded by the members of the teaching staff during a seminar or a lab if a student takes an active part in that seminar/lab.
3. Practical exam – up to 20 points
Practical exam in pathological physiology is compulsory and eliminatory, meaning that a student has to take and pass the practical exam in order to take the final test.
The practical exam is taken orally with a member of the teaching staff. The student randomly picks two questions – one from general pathophysiology and one from special (systems and organs) pathophysiology. All of the questions in the practical exam are from the material covered on labs during the academic year, and are listed in the appropriate section of Pathophysiology web site (http://studiesinenglish.med.bg.ac.rs/courses/third-year/medical-pathophysiology/). The student is expected to explain the experimental procedure, analyse the results and explain the significance or practical application of the exercise.
The marks and point from the practical exam are as follows:
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MARK ON PRACTICAL EXAM |
NUMBER OF POINTS |
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Fail (5) |
0 |
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6 |
12 |
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7 |
14 |
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8 |
16 |
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9 |
18 |
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10 |
20 |
The practical exam is valid for one academic year.
4. Final test – up to 50 points
The final test in pathophysiology consists of 60 questions. The questions are single best answer, matching or case study (vignette). The minimum number of correct answers required to pass the final test is 31. The final test points are awarded according to number of correct answers as shown in the table below.
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NUMBER OF CORRECT ANSWERS ON THE FINAL TEST |
NUMBER OF POINTS |
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30 or less |
0 |
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31-36 |
30 |
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37-42 |
35 |
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43-48 |
40 |
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49-54 |
45 |
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55-60 |
50 |
5. Final mark
The points that the student has collected on pre-exam activities, on the practical exam and on the final test are added together to get the final sum of points. The final mark is formulated based on the final sum of points as shown in the table below.
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FINAL SUM OF POINTS |
FINAL MARK |
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50 or less |
5 |
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51-60 |
6 |
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61-70 |
7 |
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71-80 |
8 |
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81-90 |
9 |
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91-100 |
10 |
PRACTICAL EXAM QUESTIONS for academic 2023/24.
Some question numbers are intentionally left blank as those questions will NOT be in circulation at the practical exam in academic 2023/24.
GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Experimental hypothermia
- Effects of altered atmospheric pressure and asphyxia
- Effects of electrical current
- Significance of chemical substance's portal of entry into organism
- Enzymatic inhibition as mechanism of intoxication
- Toxic effects of ethanol
- Experimental arterial (active) hyperaemia
- Experimental venous (passive) hyperaemia
- Experimental thrombosis
- Experimental embolism
- External signs of inflammation
- Experimental phagocytosis
- Determination of pH of pus and serum
- Rivalta's test
- Anaphylactic shock
- Schultz-Dale experiment
- Determination of immune complexes in a patient's serum
- Determination of rheumatoid factor in a patient's serum
- Determination of antinuclear antibodies in a patient's serum
- L.E. cells
- Analysis of the cells from the synovial fluid
- Determination of the crystals in synovial fluid
- Determination of protein fractions in different pathophysiological disorders
- Experimental dehydration
- Experimental hypocalcaemia
- Analysis of acid-base disorders
SPECIAL (SYSTEMS AND ORGANS) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Analysis of ECG in hyperkalaemia, rhythm and conduction disorders
- Alterations of respiratory system (obstructive and restrictive disorders)
- Hypochromic anaemia
- Megaloblastic (pernicious) anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Toxic anaemia
- Reticulocytosis
- Quantitative alterations of white blood cells
- Acute leukaemia
- Chronic myelogenous leukaemia
- Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
- Clot retraction
- Prothrombin time
- Determination of inhibitors of coagulation
- Determination of gastric juice acidity by titration
- Interpretation of gastric juice acidity curves
- Determination of amylase in urine
- Determination of presence of lactic acid in gastric juice
- Determination of bile pigments in urine
- Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum in obstructive jaundice
- Disorders of physical characteristics of urine
- Qualitative determination of proteins in urine
- Quantitative determination of proteins in urine
- Glycosuria
- Haemoglobinuria
- Urine sediment
- Pathophysiology of diuresis
- Pathophysiology of shock
- Analysis of the results of standard thyroid gland and suprarenal gland function tests
- Conduction disorders in the neuromuscular junction
- Lesion of the lower motor neuron
- Lesion of the upper motor neuron
- Analysis of EEG in experimental epilepsy
- Functional evaluation of the autonomic nervous system