Studies in English

Members of the teaching staff

Professors

Prof. Snežana Žunić, MD, PhD

Prof. Tatjana Radosavljević, MD, PhD

Prof. Danijela Vučević, MD, PhD

Prof. Silvio De Luka, MD, PhD

Prof. Srđan Lopičić, MD, PhD

Prof. Jelena Nešović Ostojić, MD, PhD

Prof. Jasna Todorović, MD, PhD

Assoc. Prof. Dušan Mladenović, MD, PhD

Assoc. Prof. Marija Stanković Stanojević, MD, PhD

Assoc. Prof. Marija Stanojević, MD, PhD

Assoc. Prof. Bojan Jorgačević, MD, PhD

Asst. Prof. Milena Vesković, MD, PhD

Asst. Prof. Svetolik Spasić, MD, PhD

Asst. Prof. Sanjin Kovačević, MD, PhD

Asst. Prof. Jovana Paunović Pantić, MD, PhD

Asst. Prof. Marko Dinčić, MD, PhD

Teaching assistants and associates

Teaching Asst. Vedrana Makević, MD, PhD

Teaching Asst. Mirjana Jovanović, MD, PhD

Teaching Asst. Andrija Vuković, MD

Teaching Assoc. Nikola Mitović, MD

Teaching Assoc. Aleksandra Nenadović, MD

Course director

Asst. Prof. Svetolik Spasić, MD, PhD

patoloska.fiziologija.mfub@gmail.com

MEDICAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COLLOQUIA

About the colloquia:

The colloquium consists of 20 multiple choice questions, meaning the student is given 4 possible answers for each question, and only one of those answers is the correct one. The colloquium may also include a case study (vignette). Colloquium includes the material covered in lectures (20% or less of the questions), and seminars and labs (80% or more of the questions) according to the list below.

Important basic rules of academic behaviour:

Use of any kind of electronic devices (phones, smart watches/arm bands, eyewear, ear buds, electronic pens, etc.) is strictly forbidden once you enter the room and all students are strongly encouraged not to bring them to the colloquium. You will be asked to shut down and hand-in all of your electronic devices in case you do bring them and you can only take them back once you are finished with the colloquium. If any electronic device is found with a student during the colloquium, regardless of whether he/she is using it or not, the student will be removed from the colloquium and disciplinary action will be taken against him/her.

Once you are given the test you need to be silent and stop talking with other students throughout the colloquium duration. Disregarding this rule will be considered a violation of the course of the colloquium and you will be removed from it.

Colloquium rules:

Please bring your student index with a photograph to the colloquium.

If a student does not take the first colloquium in the regular term for a valid reason, they can take a make-up colloquium which will be organised within 10 days. Only students who provide valid documentation that justifies their absence will be allowed to take the make-up colloquium.

Colloquium points:

The colloquium is not eliminatory - a student does not have to have any specific number of points in any of the colloquia in order to take the semester signature or the exam.

You cannot fail the colloquium.  The maximum number of pre-exam points you can get for all three colloquia is 20. The number of pre-exam colloquia points will be calculated as the average of the number of questions that you answer correctly on all three colloquia.

THE SECOND COLLOQUIUM

Date: week 14-18.07.2025.

Time: TBD

Place: TBD

Duration: 40 min

Material that will be covered on SECOND colloquium:

LECTURES

• Shock. Etiopathogenesis. Reversible and irreversible shock.
• Acid-base imbalances. Metabolic and respiratory acidosis. Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
• Valvular heart disease
• Ischaemic heart disease
• Heart failure. Cardiac oedema
• Disorders of the heart’s impusle formation and conduction
• Arterial hypertension and hypotension
• Obstructive pulmonary disease
• Restrictive pulmonary syndrome
• Alterations in pulmonary cicrulation
• Alterations in control of ventilation
• Respiratory arrhythmia
• Anaemia. Etiopathogenesis and systemic consequences. Polycythaemia.
• Disorders of white blood cells. Lymphoproliferative disorders. Leukaemias.
• Disorders of haemostasis and blood coagulation.
• Disorders of gastrointestinal secretion and motility
• Intestinal obstruction (ileus)
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease
• Alterations of absorption and digestion
• Malabsorption syndromes

SEMINARS

• Implication and evaluation of acid-base imbalance
• Molecular mechanisms of shock
• Heart failure and evaluation of cardiovascular functions
• Pathophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias
• Functional aspects of respiratory system alterations
• Alcoholism and drug abuse and dependence

LABS

• Fluid and electrolyte alterations
• Acid-base imbalances
• Pathophysiology of shock
• Pathological ECG
• Pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease
• Alterations of the respiratory system
• Anaemias (introductory class)

THE THIRD COLLOQUIUM

Date: week 25-29.08.2025.

Time: TBD

Place: TBD

Duration: 40 min

Material that will be covered on THIRD colloquium:

LECTURES

• Disorders of the exocrine pancreas
• Disorders of the liver. Liver inflammation. Disorders of hepatic circulation
• Cirrhosis. Ascites.
• Disorders of the gallbladder. Jaundice
• Disorders of hepatic metabolic functions. Alterations in metabolic detoxification.
• Glomerular disorders. Glomerulonephritis
• Pretinuria. Renal cylinders. Cyturia.
• Tubular disorders. Glomerulo-tubular fluid-electrolyte imbalance. Oedema
• Alterations of renal circulation. Renovascular hypertension
• Renal insufficiency. Acute kidney injury. Chronic kidney disease.
• Renal syndromes.
• Alterations of hormonal regulation. Alterations in metabolism of hormones
• Disorders of anterior and posterior pituitary
• Alterations of thyroid function
• Alterations of parathyroid function
• Alterations of cortical and medullar adrenal function
• Disorders of female and male reproductive system
• Alterations of neuronal excitability and nerve impulse propagation
• Alterations of synaptic transmission
• Disorders  of special senses
• Cerebral hypoxia. Stroke
• Acute and chronic cerebral oedema
• Cerebrospinal fluid alterations

SEMINARS

• Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease
• Functional aspects of liver disorders
• Functional aspects of urinary system disorders
• Pathophysiological aspects of renal and gallbladder lithiasis
• Functional aspects of endocrine system alterations
• Pahtophysiological aspects of menopausal alterations
• Functional aspects of skeletal system
• Pathophysiology of neuronal injury

LABS

• Anaemias I
• Anaemias II
• White blood cell alterations and leukaemias
• Disorders of haemostasis
• Gastrointestinal system disorders
• Alterations of liver functions
• Analysis of pathological urine
• Pathophysiology of diuresis
• Alterations of endocrine system function

Textbooks

Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children, 7th Edition, Kathryn L. McCance RN PhD, Sue E. Huether RN PhD, Elsevier Science, 2014.

Study Guide for Pathophysiology, 7th Edition, Kathryn L. McCance, RN, PhD and Sue E. Huether, RN, PhD, Elsevier Science, 2014.

The pathophysiology workbook. Editors: Vucevic D. and Pesic B. Libri Medicorum, Belgrade

Online study platform

Materials for lectures, seminars and labs provided on the online study platform

Medical Pathophysiology

Grading Policy for academic 2024/2025.

The final mark in pathophysiology is the sum of points gained through pre-exam activities, the practical exam and the final test. The pre-exam activities include colloquia, attendance and activity. All of these taken together comprise 30% of the final mark. The practical exam comprises 20% and the final test 50% of the final mark.

Final number of points (up to 100) comprises:

• Colloquia (3 colloquia, in total up to 20)
• Lecture attendance (up to 2)
• Seminar regular attendance (up to 2) and activity (up to 2)
• Lab regular attendance (up to 2) and activity (up to 2)
• Practical exam (up to 20)
• Final test (up to 50)

Details about each of these are given below.

1. Colloquia – up to 20 points

The pathophysiology course includes three colloquia, one in the fifth (winter) and two in the sixth (spring) semester. Colloquia include the material covered in lectures, seminars and labs held between the previous colloquium and the one being taken. Each colloquium consists of 20 questions. The questions are of the single best answer type, meaning the student is given 4 possible answers for each question, and only one of those answers is the correct one. The colloquium may also include a case study (vignette).

If the student does not take a colloquium for a valid reason, she or he can take a make-up colloquium which will be organised within 10 days. The colloquium is not eliminatory. This means that a student does not have to have any specific number of points in any of the colloquia in order to be given the semester signature or to take the exam.

The number of pre-exam points you get for colloquia is calcualted as the average of the total number of correct answers that you get on all three colloquia. In other words, you cannot fail the colloquium – if you have only one correct answer you get points.

2. Attendance and activity – up to 10 points

The students will be awarded points for regular attendance during the course and active involvement in seminars and labs. There are 6 attendance points and 4 activity points per year.

Lecture attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for attending at least 50% of lectures per semester.

Seminar attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for not being late or absent on seminars more than two times per semester.

Labs attendance points (1 per semester) are awarded for not being late or absent on labs more than two times per semester.

Activity points (1 for seminars and 1 for labs per semester) are awarded by the members of the teaching staff during a seminar or a lab if a student takes an active part in that seminar/lab.

3. Practical exam – up to 20 points         

Practical exam in pathological physiology is compulsory and eliminatory, meaning that a student has to take and pass the practical exam in order to take the final test.

The practical exam is taken orally with a member of the teaching staff. The student randomly picks two questions – one from general pathophysiology and one from special (systems and organs) pathophysiology. All of the questions in the practical exam are from the material covered on labs during the academic year, and are listed in the appropriate section of Medical Pathophysiology web site. The student is expected to explain the experimental procedure, analyse the results and explain the significance or practical application of the exercise.

The practical exam is valid for one academic year.

The marks and points from the practical exam are as follows:

4. Final test – up to 50 points     

The final test in pathophysiology consists of 60 questions. The questions are single best answer, matching or case study (vignette).

The minimum number of correct answers required to pass the final test is 31.

The final test points are awarded according to number of correct answers as shown in the table below.

5. Final mark           

The points that the student has collected on pre-exam activities, on the practical exam and on the final test are added together to get the final sum of points.

The final mark is formulated based on the final sum of points as shown in the table below.

Questions for the practical exam for academic 2024/2025.

Practical exam in pathological physiology is compulsory and eliminatory, meaning that a student has to take and pass the practical exam in order to take the final test.

The practical exam is taken orally with a member of the teaching staff.

The student randomly picks two questions – one from general pathophysiology and one from special (systems and organs) pathophysiology. All of the questions in the practical exam are from the material covered on labs during the academic year, and are listed below. The student is expected to explain the experimental procedure, analyse the results and explain the significance or practical application of the exercise.

GENERAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. Experimental hypothermia
2. Effects of altered atmospheric pressure on the organism
3. Effects of asphyxia on the organism
4. Significance of the electrical current path through the organism
5. Significance of chemical substance's port of entry into the organism
6. Enzymatic inhibition as mechanism of intoxication
7. Toxic effects of ethanol
8. Experimental arterial (active) hyperaemia
9. Experimental venous (passive) hyperaemia
10. Experimental thrombosis
11. Experimental embolism
12. External signs of inflammation
13. Experimental phagocytosis
14. Analysis of exudate nad transudate (Rivalta test)
15. Determination of pH of pus and serum
16. Determination of biochemical parameters of inflammation (CRP nad fibrinogen)
17. Acute and chronic infeammation (vignettes)
18. Anaphylactic shock
19. Schultz-Dale experiment
20. Determination of immune complexes in a patient's serum
21. Determination of rheumatoid factor in a patient's serum
22. Determination of antinuclear antibodies in a patient's serum
23. L.E. cells
24. Determination of the crystals in synovial fluid
25. Analysis of the cells from the synovial fluid
26. Determination of protein fractions in different pathophysiological disorders (vignettes)
27. Photometric determination of lipid frections in patient's serum (HDL, LDL, apoB, triglycerides and cholesterol)
28. Alteration of lipid metabolim (vignettes)
29. Experimental dehydration
30. Alteration of water and electrolyte metabolism (vignettes)
31. Experimental hypocalcaemia
32. Analysis of acid-base disorders (vignettes)

SPECIAL (SYSTEMS AND ORGANS) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

1. Analysis of ECG in hyperkalaemia, rhythm and conduction disorders
2. Analysis of ECG in rhythm disorders (tachycardia, bradycardia, extrasystole, flutter and fibrillation of atria and ventricles)
3. Analysis of ECG in conduction disorders (heart blocks)
4. Determination of cardiac enzymes and analysis of altered cardiac electrical activity in ischaemic heart disease
5. Ischaemic heart disease (vignettes)
6. Pathophysiology of shock (vignettes) 
7. Alterations of respiratory system (obstructive and restrictive disorders)
8. Hypochromic anaemia
9. Megaloblastic (pernicious) anaemia
10. Haemolytic anaemia
11. Toxic anaemia
12. Reticulocytosis
13. Analysis of haematologic parameteres in anaemic patients (vignettes)
14. Quantitative alterations of white blood cells
15. Acute leukaemia
16. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
17. Chronic myelogenous leukaemia
18. Prothrombin time
19. Activated partial thromboplastim time
20. Analysis of INR (International Normalised Ratio)
21. Determining D-dimer value
22. Clot retraction
23. Determination of inhibitors of coagulation
24. Determination of gastric juice acidity by titration
25. Interpretation of gastric juice acidity curves
26. Determination of presence of lactic acid in gastric juice
27. Determination of amylase activity in urine
28. Determination of bilirubin, urobilinogen and urobilin in urine in obstructive jaundice
29. Determination of bilirubin (Van den Bergh)
30. Detection of aminotransferase activity in patient's serum
31. Detection of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum in obstructive jaundice
32. Glycosuria
33. Proteinuria - qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins in urine
34. Haemoglobinuria
35. Urine sediment
36. Disorders of physical characteristics of urine
37. Pathophysiology of diuresis
38. Determination of urea and creatinine concentration
39. Acute kideny injury and chronic kideny disease (vignettes)
40. Analysis of the results of standard thyroid gland and suprarenal gland function tests
41. Lesion of the lower motor neuron
42. Lesion of the upper motor neuron
43. Effects of hyperkaliaemia on muscle contraction
44. Conduction disorders in the neuromuscular junction
45. Analysis of EEG in experimental epilepsy
46. Functional evaluation of the autonomic nervous system

Research topics

Course Director

Asst. Prof. Svetolik Spasić, MD, PhD

patoloska.fiziologija.mfub@gmail.com

tel. 2685-340