The course takes a systems approach to physiology. The goal of medical physiology is to explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. Medical physiology teaches the crucial processes that are responsible for the origin, development and progression of life. Due to the close interrelationship between structure and function in biological systems, each functional physiology topic will include a brief overview of anatomic structure. The physical and chemical laws that are the basis of the physiological processes will also be covered.
In order to foster active learning and to develop presentation skills, students will be expected to present the selected topics of physiology during two semesters of the course. Distributed well in advance, all students will have adequate time to prepare using their lecture notes, readings, and internet.
The laboratory exercises in physiology will enable students to evaluate and draw conclusions from data, become familiar with methods of obtaining information in a biological system, and in general help them in the future to evaluate claims concerning new methods of therapy and to read the scientific literature more critically. Laboratories will furnish students with the very valuable experience of working with human subjects and developing manual dexterity.
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Dragan Djurić, MD, PhD, Full Professor |
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Olivera Stanojlović, MD, PhD, Full Professor |
| Zvezdana Kojić, MD, PhD, Full Professor |
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Sanja Mazić, MD, PhD, Full Professor |
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Aleksandra Rašić-Marković, MD, PhD, Associate Professsor |
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Dejan Nešić, MD, PhD, Associate Professor |
| Predrag Brkić, MD, PhD, Associate Professor |
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Marina Đelić, MD, PhD, Associate Professor |
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Dragan Hrnčić, MD, PhD, Associate Professsor |
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Igor Pantić, MD, PhD, Associate Professsor |
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Marija Stojanović, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor |
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Jovana Jakovljević, MD, Phd, Assistant Professor |
| Slavica Mutavdžin Krneta, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor |
| Biljana Đurić, MD, PhD, Teaching Assistant |
| Nikiola Topalović. MD, PhD, Teaching Assistant |
| Rada Jeremić, MD, Teaching Assistant |
| Dušan Todorović, MD, Teaching Assistant |
| Nikola Šutulović, MD, PhD, Teaching Assistant |
| Jovana Maričić, MD, Teaching Assistant |
| Milica Zeković, MD, Teaching Assistant |
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SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
Final list of students in Medical physiology and division to subgroups, academic 2023/24
- SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
PROGRAMME OF LECTURES IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY III semester 2023/24 academic year
- SHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY III semester 2023/24 academic year
- UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
PROGRAMME OF SEMINARS IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY III semester 2023/24 academic year
- SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
PROGRAMME OF LECTURES IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY IV semester 2023/24 academic year
- SHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE
PROGRAMME OF EXERCISES IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY IV semester 2023/24 academic year
- UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
PROGRAMME OF SEMINARS IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY IV semester 2023/24 academic year
GRADING POLICY – Components and Evaluation Method in Assessment of Medical Physiology According to Declaration of
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Regular Attendance in Course in Medical Physiology (maximum 10 points): |
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1. Regular attendance at lectures 2. Regular attendance at laboratory exercises 3.Regular attendance and preparations of seminars (each student must present one seminar in each semester) |
2 points 2 points 6 points |
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Biophysics test (maximum 4 points) |
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Colloquia – maximum 16 points for 3 colloquia Each question is 0,15238 points of Final Grade points. There are 105 questions on 3 colloquia (3x35). The maximum number of points from all colloquia is 105x0,15238 = 16 points. |
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Practical Exam Score (two tasks) (maximum 20 points) (Mark and number of points are determined by Professor, Teaching Assistant mark is descriptive) |
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Final Exam Score (number of correct answers, mark and points) (Part One and Part Two maximum 50 points) |
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(51 – 64 ) 6 |
30 points |
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(65 – 76) 7 |
36 points |
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(77 – 86) 8 |
40 points |
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(87 - 94) 9 |
44 points |
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(95 – 100) 10 |
50 points |
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Final course grade based upon total points |
Total Points from Regular Attendance, Colloquia, Practical exam, and Final Exam |
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5 (fail; F) |
> 50 points |
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6 (sufficient; D; D+; D-) |
51 – 60 points |
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7 (satisfactory; C; C+; C-) |
61 – 70 points |
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8 (good; B; B-) |
71 – 80 points |
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9 (very good; A; A-; B+) |
81 – 90 points |
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10 (excellent; A+) |
91 – 100 points |
Practical exam in Medical physiology consist of combination of two questions from the list:
1. Application of intramuscular injection (on a model)
2. Application of intravenous injection (on a model)
3. Determination of bearing of erythrocytes in iso-, hypo- i hypertonic solution
4. Investigation of red blood cell osmotic fragility in the hypotonic solutions
5. Effects of different isoosmotic solutions on red blood cells
6. Explanation of recording of resting membrane potential and action potential; graphically display monophasic and biphasic curves of action potential
7. Drawing and analysis of action potential curve; explanation of effects of changes in the extracellular concentrations of K+ and Ca2+ on the action potential
8. Drawing and explanation of a nerve excitability curve (rheobase, utilization time, chronaxy)
9. Calculation of the nerve conduction velocity of the action potential using the obtained values
10. Drawing and analysis of myogram components (the single isotonic skeletal muscle twitch)
11. Drawing and analysis of graded response of isometric skeletal muscle contraction
12. Drawing and analysis of summation of two muscle twitches
13. Drawing and analysis of the sustained muscle contraction (tetanus)
14. Construction of an image of object in a complex optical system
15. Visual acuity testing by optotype
16. Charting the visual field by perimetry and confrontation method
17. Demonstration of the blind spot - Mariotte’s assey
18. Testing of the color vision
19. Testing of air and bone conduction of the sound - Rinne, Weber, and Schwabach tests
20. Somatic sensations testing: tactile and thermoreceptive senses
21. Deep sensations testing: static position and rate of movement; muscle strength, and muscle tonus
22. Testing vibration sense (pallesthesia)
23. Cortical sensations testing: stereognosis, graphesthesia, and barognosis
24. Performing of clinically important cutaneous and stretch reflexes
25. Performing of corneal and conjuctival reflexes
26. Performing of papillary light reflex and reflex of accommodation
27. Analysis of normal human electroencephalography (EEG)
28. Examination of the role of the vestibular system in maintaining the static equilibrium: Romberg test and compass walk test
29. Examination of the vestibular system function: rotatory test
30. Determination of red blood cell count by haemocytometer and photocolorimetry method
31. Determination of reticulocyte count
32. Hemoglobin determination
33. Hematocrit (Htc) determination (microhematocrit method)
34. Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
35. Calculation of the mean corpuscular values (MCV, MCH, MCHC) using the obtained values
36. Identification of blood cell types on the blood smear prepared and stained by Pappenheims method
37. Determination of white blood cell count
38. Determination of differential white blood cell count
39. Calculation of absolute white blood cell count using the obtained values
40. Determination of platelet count by haemocytometer
41. OAB blood typing and explanation of the clinical importance of cross matching reaction
42. Rh typing (RhD)
43. Determination of blood coagulation time - Bürker method
44. Determination of bleeding time - Duke method
45. Analysis of the blood cells (number of cell types, ESR, and mean corpuscular values) in physiological conditions
46. Analysis of the plasma composition in physiological conditions
47. Drawing and analysis of a mechanogram of the heart
48. Drawing and analysis of extrasystole using mechanogram
49. Drawing and analysis of the effects of vagus nerve on a mechanogram of the heart
50. Auscultation of heart sounds in human
51. Analysis of human electrocardiogram (ECG)
52. Determination of rhythmicity, pacemaker, and heart rate using obtained ECG
53. Determination of duration and voltage of waves, segments and intervals using obtained EKG
54. Construction of the mean electrical axis of the heart using obtained electrocardiogram
55. Determination of velocity of fluid flow (ml/min) on the various models of piezometer and explanation of hydrodynamic laws
56. Estimation of artery pulse qualities in human
57. Recording and analysis of arterial pulse oscilations (sphygmogram)
58. Measurement of arterial blood pressure
59. Demonstration and explanation of the role of the diaphragm in respiration (Donders' model)
60. Auscultation of breathing in human
61. Measurement of lung volumes and capacities using spirometry method
62. Calculation of the clearance of inulin using the obtained results
63. Calculation of the clearance of para-aminohippuric (PAH) acid using the obtained results
64. Analysis of the urine composition in physiological conditions
65. Calculation of the basal metabolic rate using the obtained results
66. Calculation of the daily energy turnover using the obtained results
67. Assembling of the nutritious meal for a student
68. Analysis of the plasma glucose level and explanation of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
69. Explanation of laboratory tests for early diagnosis of the pregnancy
70. Examination of vaginal smear cytological features in the time course of menstrual cycle
Required textbooks:
1. Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition. Elsevier, 2020.
2. William F. Ganong. Review of Medical Physiology. 25th ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2016.
3. Laboratory notebook for practical course in Medical physiology, Part One and Two, Medical faculty, University of Belgrade, CIBID, 2016
PROGRAM OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION IN MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY IS LISTED IN LABORATORY NOTEBOOK
Highly recommended:
1. Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall: Physiology review, 3rd edition. Elsevier, 2016
2. Agamemnon Despopoulos & Stefan Silbernagl: Color Atlas of Physiology, 7th edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2012
3. Berne & Levy Physiology, Updated Edition, 7th Edition , Mosby, 2017.
1. Body fluids; physiological solutions (types and application)
UNITE V CHAPTER 25 (EXCEPT EDEMA)
1. Body water. Quantity and distribution of water in the body.
2. Water exchange with an external environment (intake and excretion)
3. Biological membranes (cell membrane and capillary wall) and body fluid compartments
4. Volume and composition of electrolytes in body fluids organism
5. Factors that determine the distribution of water and electrolytes (Gibbs - Donnan equilibrium, osmosis, osmotic pressure)
6. Physiological solutions (simple and complex) - types and application
7. Physical activity and homeostasis of water and electrolyte
2. Excitation and contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle
UNITE II CHAPTERS 6,7 and 8
1. Functional morphology of the skeletal muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, myofilaments, sarcomere)
2. Excitation of skeletal muscles (neuromuscular junction). Motor unit
3. Muscle contraction and relaxation (types of muscle fibers by contraction rate)
4. The strength of muscular contractions. Muscle tonus
5. Sources of energy for muscle contraction (oxygen debt)
6. Behavior of muscles as a whole (spatial and temporal summation)
7. Division of muscle contractions (single and complex, isotonic and isometric; phase and tonic)
Smooth muscle
1. Types of smooth muscles
2. Functional smooth muscle morphology (sarcolemma)
3. Excitation of smooth muscles
4. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles
5. Specificity of smooth muscle contraction (latch bridge mechanism, plasticity)
6. Differences in contraction of skeletal and smooth muscle
3. Nociception
UNITE IX CHAPTER 48 (EXEPT Thermal sensations)
1. Pain - as a feeling (sensibility modality)
2. Types of pain - according to localization, quality (character) and mechanism of origin
3. Pain receptors and mechanism of their activation
4. Transmission of painful signals - peripheral and central pathways for the transmission of pain
5. Reticular-activating system (RAS) - suffering - alertness - anxiety
6. "Gate control" - control at the site of the pain sensation entry in the CNS, the mechanism of pain modulation
7. Downstream pathways of the pain modulation (endogenous analgesic system)
8. Neurotransmitters involved in transmission and modulation of pain
9. Segmental fields of sensation (dermatomes) - Indication of the CNS innervation level
10. Visceral pain
11. Referred, reflective pain - (mechanism, clinical significance, Hed's zones)
12. Clinical significance of pain - objectification of a painful feeling (pain scales)
4. Neurophysiology of vision
UNITE X CHAPTERS 49, 50 and 51
1. Accommodation (definition, mechanism, presbyopia)
2. Pupillary light reflex (direct, consensual reaction)
3. Photosensitive part of the retina (distribution of photoreceptors, blind spot)
4. Visual acuity
5. Adaptation to light and darkness (photochemistry of vision)
6. Simultaneous and later contrast
7. Monocular and binocular depth perception of objects
8. Visual pathway (visual field width)
5. Seminar: spinal cord reflexes
UNITE XI CHAPTER 54
1. Functional organization of the spinal cord
2. Role of the spinal cord
3. Organization of the reflex arch
4. Classification of spinal somatic reflexes:
5. Monosynaptic (eg stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) - significance)
6. Polysynaptic (eg Goldie's tendon reflex - significance)
7. Reciprocal innervation and reciprocal inhibition - significance
8. Spinal shock and hemisection of the spinal cord (Brown-Sequard syndrome)
6. Seminar: control of posture and locomotion: brain stem
UNITE XI CHAPTER 55
1. Functional anatomy of the brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, mezencefalon)
2. Descendent motor pathways (tr Vestibulospinalis, tr. Reticulospinalis, tr. Tectospinalis, tr. Rubrospinalis)
3. Roles of the brain stem: position control, postural reflexes,reflexes of uprightness
4. Decelerated animal
5. Mesncephalic animal
7. Learning and memory
UNITE XI CHAPTER 57
1.
Definition and classification of learning
2. Definition and classification of memory
3. Declarative and nondeclarative memory
4. Habituation
5. Sensitization
6. Classical and instrumental conditioning
7. Plasticity
8. ECG: recording and analysis
UNITE II CHAPTERS 10, 11 and 12 (only pages 131 and 132)
1. Conductive system of the heart
2. Action potentials in heart and relation to the signal of ECG
3. ECG: method, recording device and trace
4. Principles of registering of ECG
5. System of 12 standard leads
6. ECG paper: standardization and calibration
7. Waves, segments and intervals in ECG
8. Analysis of ECG:
a. rhythmicity
b. heart rate
c. vectorcardiogram
Feel free to contact the Professor who is in charge for the particular seminar in your group for additional help.
Course director: Full Professor Olivera Stanojlović, MD, PhD
e-mail: ostanoj@gmail.com