Professors:

Professor Marija Đurić

Professor Laslo Puškaš

Professor Valentina Blagojević

Professor Aleksandar Maliković

Professor Danijela Đonić

Professor Miloš Mališ

Associate Professor Lazar Stijak

Associate Professor Vuk Đulejić

Associate Professor Milan Aksić

Associate Professor Petar  Milovanović

Associate Professor Dubravka Aleksić

Assistant Professor Ana Starčević

Assistant Professor Darko Laketić

Assistant Professor Joko Poleksić

Associates:

Teaching and Research Assistant Ana Ćirović

Teaching and Research Assistant Đorđe Đorović

Teaching and Research Assistant Aleksandar Ćirović

Teaching and Research Assistant Jelena Jadžić

Teaching and Research Assistant Slobodan Kapor

Teaching and Research Assistant Jelena Boljanović

Teaching and Research Assistant Aleksandra Zelenović

Teaching and Research Assistant Gorana Agatonović

Teaching and Research Assistant Jovana Andrejić

Teaching and Research Assistant Katarina Đurđević

Teaching and Research Assistant Nemanja Stojilović

Teaching and Research Assistant Milica Maksimović

Laboratory support staff:

Dijana Stošić

Slaviša Đukić

Vukašin Pavlović

Anatomy course administration:

Silvija Jelisavac

Telephone: +381-11-2685-846

Email: silvijaj80@gmail.com

Address:

Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade

Dr Subotića 4, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia 

ANATOMY - CURRICULUM

FIRST SEMESTER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024

1^st WEEK

Lectures: 1. Introduction to gross anatomy (2 classes). 2. Bones and skeleton. Joints (2 classes). Laboratories: 1.  Clavicle, scapula and humerus (2 classes). 2.  Radius and ulna (2 classes). Seminar: Bones of the hand (1 class in computer classroom).

2^nd WEEK

Lectures: 1. Muscle tissue and the muscular system. Blood vessels, the lymphatic system and cardiovascular system (2 classes). 2. Nervous tissue and the nervous system (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Hip bone, femur and patella (2 classes). 2. Tibia and fibula (2 classes). Seminar: Bones of the foot (1 class in computer classroom).

3^rd WEEK

Lectures: 1. Blood vessels of the upper limb (2 classes). 2. Nerves of the upper limb (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Axillary fossa (2 classes). 2. Anterior region of the arm. Cubital fossa. (2 classes). Seminar: Veins and lymphatic system of the upper limb (1 class in computer classroom).

4^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Blood vessels of the lower limb (2 classes). 2. Nerves of the lower limb (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Anterior region of the forearm and palm of the hand (2 classes). 2. Scapular region, posterior regions of the arm and forearm, dorsum of the hand (2 classes). Seminar: Joints of the upper limb (1 class in computer classroom).

5^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Surface anatomy and clinical anatomy of the upper limb (2 classes). 2. Surface anatomy and clinical anatomy of the lower limb (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Anterior region of the thigh (2 classes). 2. Anterior region of the leg and dorsum of the foot (2 classes). Seminar: Veins and lymphatic system of the lower limb (1 class in computer classroom).

6^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Thorax - borders, regions, reference lines and superficial anatomical landmarks. Structures of the thoracic walls - joints, muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Back (2 classes). 2. Breast. Diaphragm. Thoracic cavity and its subdivisions. Organa in situ (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Gluteal region and posterior region of the thigh (2 classes). 2. Popliteal fossa, posterior region of the leg and plantar region (2 classes). Seminar: Joints of the lower limb (1 class in computer classroom).

7^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Superior mediastinum (2 classes). 2. Inferior mediastinum. Pericardium (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx), ribs and sternum (2 classes). 2. Thoracic walls - muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Diaphragm (2 classes). Seminar: Surface anatomy of the thorax. Joints of the thorax (1 class in computer classroom).

8^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Heart - external and internal morphology. Chambers of the heart and structure of the heart wall (2 classes). 2. Arterial and nerve supply of the heart. Surface projections of the heart and its valves (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Thoracic cavity and its subdivisions. Superior mediastinum (2 classes). 2. Middle mediastinum. Heart and pericardium (2 classes). Seminar: Conducting system of the heart. Cardiac plexus. Fetal circulation (1 class in computer classroom).

9^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Posterior mediastinum - oesophagus, thoracic aorta, azygos vein and its tributaries, thoracic duct, lymph nodes and thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk (2 classes). 2. Pleura and lungs (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Posterior mediastinum (2 classes). 2. Pleura and lungs (2 classes). Seminar: Surface projections and positions of the thoracic organs. Referred pain of the thoracic organs - Head’s zones. Sectional anatomy of the thorax (1 class in computer classroom).

10^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Abdomen - borders, regions, reference lines and superficial anatomical landmarks. Structures of the anterolateral abdominal wall. Inguinal region (2 classes). 2. Abdominal cavity and its subdivisions. Peritoneum and its formations (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Anterolateral abdominal wall, umbilicus and inguinal region. Abdominal

cavity and its subdivisions. Organa in situ. Peritoneum and its formations. Omental bursa (2 classes). 2. Back and posterior abdominal wall (2 classes). Seminar: Parietal peritoneum. Visceral peritoneum and its formations (1 class in computer classroom).

11^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Stomach and coeliac trunk. Spleen (2 classes). 2. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Superior mesenteric artery (2 classes).  Laboratories: 1. Stomach and coeliac trunk. Spleen (2 classes). 2. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Superior mesenteric artery (2 classes). Seminar: Anterolateral abdominal wall and inguinal canal. Referred pain of the abdominal organs - Head’s zones (1 class in computer classroom).

12^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Large intestine and inferior mesenteric artery (2 classes). 2. Liver. Portal vein. Biliary ducts. Pancreas (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Large intestine and inferior mesenteric artery (2 classes). 2. Liver. Portal vein. Biliary ducts. Pancreas (2 classes). Seminar: Anatomical basis of the absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (hepatic and lymphatic pathway). Portocaval anastomoses (1 class in computer classroom).

13^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Retroperitoneal space - walls and content. Abdominal aorta. Inferior vena cava. Retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Innervation of the abdominal organs (2 classes). 2. Kidney. Abdominal part of the ureter. Suprarenal gland (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Retroperitoneal space - walls and content. Abdominal aorta. Inferior vena cava. Innervation of the abdominal organs (2 classes). 2. Kidney. Abdominal part of the ureter. Suprarenal gland (2 classes). Seminar: Surface and regional anatomy of the abdomen. Abdominal cavity and its subdivisions. Sectional anatomy of the abdomen (1 class in computer classroom).

14^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Pelvic cavity - borders, walls, pelvic inlet and outlet, subdivisions. Pelvic diaphragm. Pelvic blood vessels and nerves. Perineum - borders, regions and spaces (2 classes). 2. Rectum. Anal canal. Pelvic part of the ureter. Urinary bladder. Urethra (2 classes). Laboratories: 1. Pelvic cavity: borders, walls, pelvic inlet and outlet, subdivisions. Pelvic diaphragm. Pelvic blood vessels and nerves. Perineum - borders, regions and spaces (2 classes). 2. Rectum. Anal canal. Pelvic part of the ureter. Urinary bladder. Urethra (2 classes). Seminar: Gender differences in bony pelvis and pelvic cavity (1 class in computer classroom).

15^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Male genitalia - external and internal (2 classes). 2. Female genitalia - external and internal (2 class).

Laboratories: 1. Male genitalia - external and internal (2 class). 2. Female genitalia - external and internal (2 classes). Seminar: Surface and regional anatomy of the pelvis. Pelvic cavity and its subdivisions. Sectional anatomy of the pelvis (1 class in computer classroom).

SECOND SEMESTER, ACADEMIC YEAR 2023/2024

1^st WEEK

Lectures: 1. Surface anatomy of the head and neck. Muscles of the facial expression. Muscles of the mastication. Cervical fascia (75 minutes). 2. Common carotid artery. External carotid artery (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Skull - division of bones (neurocranium and viscerocranium). Vault of the cranium: frontal, parietal and occipital bones (2 classes). 2. Ethmoid and sphenoid bones (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Temporal bone (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Joints of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom).

2^nd WEEK

Lectures: 1. Internal carotid artery. Receptor zones in the region of the carotid bifurcation. Subclavian artery (75 minutes). 2. Dural venous sinuses. Veins of the head and neck. Lymphatic system of the head and neck (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Facial skeleton. Maxilla, mandible and palatine bone (2 classes). 2. Other bones of the facial skeleton: nasal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones, inferior nasal concha, vomer and hyoid bone. Base of the skull - openings and their content (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Skull - cranial vault. Skull of the newborn (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Orbit, nasal cavity, temporal and infratemporal fossae and pterygopalatine fossa (1 class - computer classroom).

3^rd WEEK

Lectures: 1. Cervical plexus. Innervation of the skin of the neck. Sympathetic nervous system of the head and neck. Cranial nerves - classification (75 minutes). 2. Trigeminal nerve (CN V). Innervation of the skin of the face. Facial nerve (CN VII) (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Anterior and lateral regions of the neck. Muscles of the neck: platysma, sternocleidomastoid muscle, suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles. Cervical fascia. Superficial veins of the neck. Cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus (2 classes). 2. Deep muscles of the neck: scalene and prevertebral muscles. Carotid sheath and its content. External carotid artery and its branches. Internal carotid artery. Subclavian artery and its branches. Deep branches of the cervical plexus (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Muscles of the neck (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Sympathetic nervous system of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom).

4^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Oral cavity: divisions, walls and content. Teeth. Tongue. Sublingual region (75 minutes). 2. Salivary glands. Pharynx (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Regions of the face. Parotid region. Infratemporal region (2 classes). 2. Oral cavity. Pharynx (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Arteries of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Veins of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom).

5^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Lateral pharyngeal space and retropharyngeal space - boundaries and content. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves (75 minutes). 2. Nose. Nasal cavity. Olfactory nerve (CN I). Paranasal sinuses (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Lateral pharyngeal space and retropharyngeal space - boundaries and content. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves (2 classes). 2. Nose. Nasal cavity. Olfactory nerve (CN I). Paranasal sinuses (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Sensory and parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Lymphatic system of the head and neck (1 class - computer classroom).

6^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Larynx: position, cartilages, joints, ligaments, membranes and muscles (75 minutes). 2. Laryngeal cavity. Laryngeal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Thyroid and parathyroid glands (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Larynx. Thyroid and parathyroid glands (2 classes). 2. Posterior region of the neck. Muscles of the posterior region of the neck. Suboccipital triangle. Scalp (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Regions of the neck (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Functional anatomy of the larynx: respiration, phonation, articulation of voice and cough reflex (1 class - computer classroom).

7^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Eye: eyeball and optic nerve (CN II) (75 minutes). 2. Muscles of the orbit. Ophthalmic artery and veins. Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Orbit. Eyeball (2 classes). 2. Orbital cavity - content after removal of the orbital roof  (2 classes).- Seminars: 1. Eyeball - content and refractive media (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Accessory apparatus of the eye: orbital fat body, extra-ocular muscles, fascial sheath, eyelids, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus (1 class - computer classroom).

8^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. External ear: auricle, external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane. Middle ear: tympanic cavity, auditory tube and mastoid antrum (75 minutes). 2. Internal ear. Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) (60 minutes).

Laboratories: 1. Ear: external, middle and internal (2 classes). 2. Sectional anatomy of the head and neck (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Clinical anatomy of the cranial nerves (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Clinical anatomy of the ear (1 class - computer classroom).

9^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Central nervous system: introduction, development, subdivisions and structure. Spinal cord (75 minutes). 2. Brainstem: boundaries, external morphology and organization (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. CNS: subdivisions and organization. Neuroaxis and orientation in the CNS (2 classes). 2. Spinal cord: external morphology and sectional anatomy (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Internal morphology of the spinal cord (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Spinal nerve: origin, branches, and innervations of the trunk and limbs. Dermatomes (1 class - computer classroom).

10^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Brainstem - gray matter (nuclei and reticular formation) (75 minutes). 2. Cerebellum. Fourth ventricle (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Brainstem - external morphology (2 classes). 2. Brainstem - sectional anatomy (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Brainstem - white matter and its organization (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Nuclei of the cranial nerves (1 class - computer classroom).

11^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Diencephalon: position, relationships and subdivisions. Thalamus. (75 minutes). 2. Diencephalon:

hypothalamus and pituitary gland, subthalamus, metathalamus and epithalamus. Third ventricle (60 minutes).

Laboratories: 1. Cerebellum. Fourth ventricle (2 classes). 2. Diencephalon: position, relationships and subdivisions (2 classes).

Seminars: 1. Pretectal area and superior colliculus: pupillary reflex, accommodation reflex and control of eye movements. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Functional anatomy of the cerebellum (1 class - computer classroom).

12^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Telencephalon - external morphology. Cerebral cortex and cortical areas (75 minutes). 2. Telencephalon - subcortical nuclei (corpus striatum, claustrum, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and nucleus basalis of Meynert) (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Diencephalon and third ventricle sectional anatomy (2 classes). 2. Telencephalon - external morphology. Cerebral cortex and cortical areas (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Reticular formation (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Hypothalamus: functional centres, connections and hypothalamo-pituitary axis (1 class - computer classroom).

13^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Telencephalon -  white matter (centrum semiovale, brain capsules and commissures). Neural pathways - classification (75 minutes). 2. Ventricular system of the brain and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges and meningeal spaces (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Telencephalon - gray matter (specimens and sections) (2 classes). 2. Telencephalon - white matter (specimens and sections) (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Limbic system (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Basal ganglia (1 class - computer classroom).

14^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Somatosensory system (75 minutes). 2. Motor system (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Sectional anatomy of the brain (2 classes). 2. Identification of the cerebral structures (specimens and sections) (2 classes).

Seminars: 1. Somatosensory system (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Motor system (1 class - computer classroom).

15^th WEEK

Lectures: 1. Visual system. Auditory system (75 minutes). 2. Vestibular, olfactory and gustatory systems (60 minutes). Laboratories: 1. Ventricular system of the brain and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges and meningeal spaces (2 classes). 2. Blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord (2 classes). Seminars: 1. Clinical anatomy of pain, pain counduction and perception (1 class - computer classroom). 2. Blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord (1 class - computer classroom).

Textbooks:

Moore's Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Dalley AF, Agur AMR. 9^th edition, LLW, Wolters Kluver, 2023.

Clinical Neuroanatomy. Waxman S. 29^th edition, Lange, 2020.

Atlas:

Atlas of Human Anatomy. FH Netter. 8^th edition, Elsevier, 2022.

Anatomy Workbook:

Anatomy Workbook. Maliković et al. 2^nd edition, Libri Medicorum, 2023.

Grading policy

Your Anatomy Course grade is based on the preliminary exams, activity and attendance, practical exam and final exam.

ANATOMY PRELIMINARY EXAMS OR COLLOQUIA will count for 20% (8-20 points) of the Anatomy Course grade. There will be three preliminary exams during the Anatomy Course.

The first preliminary exam will be held on the November 23^rd, 2021 (First attempt) and November 30^th, 2021 (Second attempt if needed). This exam covers the general anatomy and anatomy of the upper and lower limbs and it is the multiple choice test with 30 questions. 

The second preliminary exam is a practical exam with 30 questions. It will be held in February 2022 and you will also have two attempts. Anatomical structures you investigated during the laboratory classes will be included in this exam. The exam covers anatomical structures of the Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis.

The third preliminary exam is the multiple choice test with 30 questions. It will be held in April/May 2022 and you will have two attempts. The test covers the anatomy of the Head and Neck, General Anatomy of the Nervous System and External Morphology of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord. Your scores and points on the Anatomy preliminary exams are calculated as follows:

ACTIVITY AND ATTENDANCE will count for 10% (0-10 points) of the Anatomy Course grade. A student can achieve those points during the Anatomy Course by regular attendance and active participation. These points may be earned by participating in activity tests given during the laboratory classes and seminars during semesters. For each section of the body there will be a certain number of points you can earn. In order to get those points a student must earn more than 51% of the activity tests, given in each lab and seminar.

Distribution of the activity and attendance points is: Upper limb - 1; Lower limb - 1; Thorax - 1; Abdomen - 1; Pelvis - 1; Craniofacial skeleton - 1; Head and neck - 2; CNS - 2.

ANATOMY PRACTICAL EXAM will count for 20% (12-20 points) of the Anatomy Course grade. The Anatomy practical exam is composed of 26 multiple choice questions. We will test your practical knowledge achieved during the laboratory classes. Your scores and points on the Anatomy practical exam are calculated as follows:

ANATOMY FINAL EXAM will count for 50% (30-50 points) of the Anatomy Course grade. This exam will be in a form of the 74 multiple choice question test covering all knowledge achieved during the Anatomy Course. Your scores and points on the Anatomy final exam are calculated as follows:

Please note that while the lectures are not mandatory, they are strongly recommended. However, labs and seminars are mandatory and students who know they might miss them should ask for the Course Director’s approval (with the make-up time arranged).

Important: Students who are late for their preliminary exams and exams without a valid excuse will not be permitted to take them, so please be sure to know your exact schedule and be on time.

RESCHEDULING OF PRELIMINARY EXAMS AND EXAMS DUE TO CONFLICT OR EMERGENCY

We announce exam dates at the beginning of each semester and we stick to the dates. Plan and manage your time. The fact that the Anatomy is a leading course, and the fact that we are working with the cadavers on many of the preliminary exams and exams makes changing dates difficult for us. We will consider rescheduling of an examination for a student only if the student provides documentation written by an official (e.g. physician, mentor, coach) on the official letterhead. The reason for the absence must be given, although details need not be stated. Personal sickness, death of a close relative, severe family problems and University approved activities are considered reasonable excuses. The Anatomy Course Director will decide whether the request justifies rescheduling of the preliminary exam or exam.

If a student knows ahead of time that there will be a conflict with the preliminary exam or exam, the required documentation must be given to the Course Director one week before the exam. The student will be informed if she/he is allowed to reschedule the preliminary exam or exam. All students with a reasonable excuse to miss an exam will be offered a make-up exam. 

Mistakes in grading

The preliminary exams (tests) and the final exam are not computer graded and therefore inadvertent mistakes can happen. If you believe an error has been made please contact the Exam Commission Leader or Course Director in order to solve the problem. The second preliminary exam and practical exam are manually graded too. If you find a mistake that we have committed or you disagree with the way a question was graded, label the problem area, write your explanation of why the grade should be changed on the exam paper next to the labeled region, and return the exam paper to the examiner who can make corrections. Any interpretive changes must be made by the Exam Commission Leader or Course Director who will look at your comments and make a written response on the exam sheet.

Whom to Contact:

 Laboratory support staff about:

- questions about lab material

Laboratory Director, Asssistant Professor Dubravka Aleksić about:

- exam questions or scoring

- posted exam scores and grades

- current lab problems or questions

- rescheduling or making up missed laboratories

Course Director, Professor Aleksandar Maliković about:

- course material

- rescheduling or missed lectures, seminars or laboratories

- preliminary exams and exams

- withdrawals and incompletes

Course Secretary, Silvija Jelisavac about:

- administration